- NP & NPK fertilizers produced by nitrophosphate route (with and without calcium nitrate recovery, with and without calcium nitrate conversion) being formed by prilling or granulation
3-Straight & compound fertilizers
- N, P or K fertilizers (N-0-0; 0-P-0; 0-0-K)
- NP, NK, PK, NPK (urea-based or ammonium nitrate-based fertilizers, MAP or DAP-based fertilizers, mixed compound fertilizers)
- More than 300 formulas
4-Speciality fertilizers
- Potassium sulphate
- Magnesium sulphate
- Mixed urea and sulphur compounds
- Mixed TSP/SSP & sulphur compounds
- Urea-based slow release fertilizers
- TSP/SSP coated sulphur
- Micronutrient incorporation
- Polymer coated urea
- More than 100 specific fertilizers
5-Liquid fertilizers
- Nitrogen solutions
- UAN (urea ammonium nitrate)
- Water soluble fertilizers (NP, NK, NPK)
- Suspension fertilizers…
6-Sulphuric acid & derivatives
- Sulphuric acid
- Oleum
- SSP (S18) with or without micronutrients
- SO2
- SO3
- Sulphamic acid…
7-Phosphoric acid & derivatives
- Phosphoric acid
- TSP (S45) with or without micronutrients
- MAP & DAP
- MCP & DCP…
- Polyphosphates
LIST OF PRODUCTS OBTAINABLE BY EVAPORATION / CRYSTALLIZATION
PRODUCT
PROCESS
FEED
Compositions given below
can be approximate
END PRODUCT
TYPE OF OPERATION
FERTILIZERS INDUSTRY
- phosphoric acid 54%
rock sulphuric attack
27% P2O5
54% P2O5
concentration
- superphosphoric acid
54% P2O5
70% P2O5
concentration
- ammonium sulphate (synthesis)
H2SO4 98% + NH3
crystals
crystallization, synthesis
- potassium nitrate
from caliche ore
from KCl + NaNO3
solution KNO3 + NaNO3
solution KNO3 + NaCl
crystals
crystals
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- calcium nitrate
rock nitric attack
slurry from the reactor
crystals, 4H2O
crystallization by surface cooling
- potassium chloride
from sylvinite ore
from carnalite
solution KCl + NaCl
solution KCl
crystals
crystals
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- potassium chloride industry, by-products
example : magnesium sulphate (Epsomite)
crystals, 7H2O
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- ammonium phosphates (MAP, DAP)
synthesis
phosphoric acid + NH3
crystals
crystallization, synthesis
- urea
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
- potassium sulphate
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY / FIBERS AND POLYMERS INTERMEDIATES
- ammonium sulphate
(purges from caprolactam, acrylic acid, methyl metacrylate)
Note: reactive or evaporative type crystallizer, depending on process
crystals
crystallization by evaporation crystallization, synthesis
- adipic acid
crystals
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- sodium carbonate (on BASF caprolactam process)
crystals, 1H2O
crystallization by evaporation
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY / CHLORINE
- sodium chloride
from deposits
brine at 23% abt.
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
- caustic soda from diaphragm electrolysis cells
Note: no more new plants (diaphragm made of asbestos); revamping possible
diaphragm electrolysis cells
10% NaOH, 13% NaCl
50% NaOH + NaCl
concentration + crystallization
- caustic soda from membrane electrolysis cells
membrane electrolysis cells
32% NaOH
50% NaOH
concentration
- sodium chlorate
electrolysis
42% NaClO3, 8% NaCl
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
- potassium chlorate
double decomposition
depending on process
crystals
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- sodium perchlorate
electrolysis
63% NH4ClO4, 7%NaClO3 abt.
crystals, 1H2O
crystallization by evaporation
- ammonium perchlorate
double decomposition
depending on process
crystals
crystallization by cooling
- sodium sulphate (Glauber salt)
salt purification
5%Na2SO4, 25% NaCl
crystals, 10H2O
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- sodium sulphate (anhydrous)
salt purification
30% Na2SO4
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
SALT PRODUCERS
- sodium chloride
from deposits
brine at 23% abt.
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
- sodium sulphate (Glauber salt)
salt purification
5%Na2SO4, 25% NaCl
crystals, 10H2O
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- sodium sulphate (anhydrous)
salt purification
30% Na2SO4
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY / PURGES
- Purges resulting from neutralisations containing sodium sulphate or ammonium sulphate and other organic or inorganic substances.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY / ORGANICS
- malic acid
crystals
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- fumaric acid
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
- hexamine
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
SODA INDUSTRY
- sodium carbonate,(especially in the USA, Wyoming)
from Trona deposits
30% Na2CO3
crystals, 1H2O
crystallization by evaporation
- calcium chloride (if Solvay process)
Solvay process
12,5% CaCl2, 5% NaCl
flakes, 2H2O
crystallization by evaporation
TITANIUM DIOXYDE (sulphuric acid process)
- concentration of process liquor “black liquor”
fr.ilmenite sulphuric attack
18% TiOSO4
22% TiOSO4
concentration
- ferrous sulphate (Copperas)
fr.ilmenite sulphuric attack
20% FeSO4
crystals, 7H2O
crystallization by vacuum cooling
BORIC ACID and BORATES
- boric acid
products prepared from ores as Tincal, Colemanite, Trona brines. From borax + H2O2
17% H3BO3
crystals
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- borate pentahydrate
27% Na2B4O7
crystals, 5H2O
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- borate decahydrate
crystals, 10H2O
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- perborate
30% NaBO2
crystals, 4H2O
crystallization by evaporation
METALLURGY / HYDROMETALLURG
- ammonium sulphate
coke oven gas
gas + H2SO4
crystals
crystallization, synthesis
- ferrous chloride
steel pickling
crystals, 4H2O
crystallization by evaporation
- ferric chloride
40 % by weight
concentration
- lithium chloride
crystals, H2O
crystallization by evaporation
- copper chloride
crystals, 2H2O
crystallization by evaporation
- aluminium chloride
crystals, 6H2O
HCl sparging
- copper sulphate
crystals, 5H2O
crystallization by evaporation
- cobalt sulphate
crystals, 7H2O
crystallization by evaporation
- nickel sulphate
crystals, 6H2O
crystallization by evaporation
- other sulphates as of zinc, and molybdenium.
crystals
- sodium sulphate
lead recycling
25% Na2SO4 abt.
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
CATTLE FOOD
- lysine
62% by weight
concentration
- methionine
crystals
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- ammonium sulphate (by-product of the methionine production)
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
MISCELLANEOUS
- sterols (
β
sitosterol), from black liquor (paper industry)
crystals
crystallization by vacuum cooling
- ammonium chloride
various processes
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
- recovery of KCl and NaCl, from aluminium recycling process
crystals NaCl
NaCl by evaporation
- NaCl from incineration of garbage
incineration/gas scrubbing
NaCl 5 to 10%
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
- CaCl2 from incineration of garbage
incineration/gas scrubbing
CaCl2 5 to 10%
crystals
crystallization by evaporation
ENERGY
- SO2 recovery from flue gas
Wellman Lord/gas scrubbing
Na2SO3 solution
SO2
evaporation
- ammonium sulphate
G.E. or Walther or others/gas scrubbing
ammonium sulphate solution
crystals
evaporation
AGROINDUSTRY
- citric acid
fermentation
fermentation
- distillery, yeast and sodium glutamate slops with recovery of salts
fermentation
K2SO4 and others
crystallization by evaporation
: NOTE :
This list is not limitative, other products can be crystallized. If there is no experience available, a laboratory test is always possible.
